2.
  -2021
..  
 ()
:      :50
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.         
2.       :
() 
() 
() 
() 
-
3.         '  ..
4.              
  
-
5.           
2.
6.    -    
-
7.               
8.   '  :
() 
() 
  -2021
..  
 ()
:      :50
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.         
: 󷘖  ?
      '  ,         ,
  ,  "   "    -      

 
           
 ,      
2.
      ,   

      
  
 
  -     :       
 
󼳊󼳋󼳌󼳒󼳍󼳓󼳎󼳏󼳔󼳐󼳑      
    ,       ,        
                   
 
 ,  , ,      , "    
  "
    "?"  
","     "            ,
        ,     ,    "
 ,         -       
               
  
󷘰󷘱󷘲󷘳󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘸󷘷󷘷󷘷󷘷󷘷󷘹  
2.
    ,        '      
()        ,   3  5    ,   
4  5     
   :
1.  ( ): ' ,     
 
2.  ():         
3.  ():  ' 4  5   
4.   ():            
5.  ():           -  ,
    
6.  ():-        
󷘺󷘻󷘼  
 
    -   
  :    
 ?  :    ,  
   ,     
 
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬   -   
     '         ,      
    '
       4-   '     (  ) 
 (  )       :
Pa Sa Sa Sa ( Pa Ni Sa Sa)  : P S S S
  :
   (   )
   ( ) 
       (7 )   
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  -- :
1.   ()   :
2.
o      -  '  
o       
2.   (  )  :
o  Pa '   - Sa    
o  ,  Sa, C ,  Pa, G 
3.    :
o   Sa (  )   
4.   (  )  :
o    ',       '     
󼮲󼮱 
 
     
 Sa = G  , :
  D (Pa)
  G (Sa)
  G (Sa)
  G  F(  )
   ,  Sa = C, :
  G
 
 
   
󹱏󹱐 -    
 
 , , -          ? 
    -        -    
    
  !       
 ,       
              
      
2.
󼖻󼖼󼖽󼖾󼖿󼗀󼗁󼗍󼗎󼗂󼗃󼗄󼗅󼗆󼗇󼗈󼗉󼗊󼗋󼗌    
   

,      
    
       '  
,    ,   
  
:
        
          
        
      ,        
󷆊󷆋󷆌󷆍󷆎󷆏    ( )
          -      ,
              
 -          ,      '
  
         
 ,       , "     "
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 - :   
     ,       -     

                 - ,
 
 ,  :
    
;    ,     
   ,       
        -    10    


    ,    
        ,
       

2.
2.       :
() 
() 
() 
() 
: -:      -     
    ,         ,       
               , 
  
 ,       -       
,         ,       
  , "    ,     ,    
   ,   
         "
   ,              
   '   ,  
    : , ,
   -    
,        , 
  
()  ():   
     ""          
,   ( )     ,     ( )  
( )    ()     ,  '  
   () : , , , , , ,   ,        
    ,   ,         
       ',       :
1.  ()- 5 
2.  ()- 6 
3.  ()- 7 
           :       
 :
  5    7     -  
  6    - ,    
2.
  
?
              
    '     
()  ():  
   
 ,           
,      
       :
1.  ( ) - 
2.  ( ) -  
3.  () -  
  
 ,    
 -  ,         
       
 
,         :
     ,         ,   
,         '  ,       
  ,      ,      ,
         
  
  :  =  +  +      ,    
  
()  ():    
   ,         ,   
( )   
 :
, , , , , , 
       ,     ------
 
     
 ,       
     :
1.   ( ) -    
2.   ( ) -   
3.   ( ) -    
2.
    -   ,       -  
                
     
 :
        ,         
     ,    
       

()  ():  
 , 
    -  -   
    ,   ,             
          
     :
1.   ( )-     , ,  , 
     (,  )
2.   ( )-          
            '   
   
?
  ,   
     -   ,   
  ,
 ,       
  (   )        ,    ,
            -    
-
3.         '  ..
:󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹       
  :   
  
    ,             
   ,         16
     
     ,     
       
    ,          
   ,       
2.
               ? 
          
󷘗󷘘󷘙    :   
    -  
  ,     
 -  ,    ,         ,
 ,  ,        ,    ,   
         ,    
      ,      
    ,          
, 
         ,      
      , ,           
        
󷖤󷖢󷖣    : 
   -         ,   
         
   ,  
      ,         
  
    ( )     -      
  " "     ,        

                -
        ,      ,
   
 
󹺁󹺂󷈓󷈔󷈑󷈕󷈒  :     
                  
    
      :
       :
 ,               
 ,      ,          
2.
     ,           

      ,          
,              , 
 
     
  ,      -     
           ,      
       -   ,    , 
,   

       ,        
    '     '    ,   
  
          
󷘖 :    
 
     
 -         
       
   
  
    :
1.  :
                :
  
  
  
 
             , 
           
2.   :
     ,          
        ,     

3.  :
2.
        ,        
               

4.      :
              
    
;  ,    
󹻓󹻔󹻕󹻖󷉪󷉫󷉬󷉮󷉭󷉯󷉰󷉱󷉲󷉳 
:   
          - - ,    
          ,    ,  
  
 
              
 
           ,    
    
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂     
    1586   ,     

        '     ,   
 ,          ,     

 ,         ,    
           
   
 ,       
  
󼮈󼮉󼮊󼮋󼮌󼮏󼮍󼮎󼮐:       
          
   ,
  ,          
     
,            
      
      ,    ,        
 ,    
2.
  ,  
        ,     
       -   
   ,     
  ,    
4.              
  
: 󷉥󷉦  :       
    ,             
           ,    
          -   
  ,   
             ,   , " 
  ,    "    
 -      
    
          ,     : 
        
 -        
  ,  , ,       
    ,  ,         

󷘗󷘘󷘙         
  ,               
 '     ,         
,             ,
  '  
        ,     
    
    
 -    :
 -    
   -  
         
  
   
  ,         
󷮘󷮙󷮚󷮛󷮜󷮝󷮞󷮟() :    
󷘺󷘻󷘼   ?
2.

(  )         '      
    (    )          
  ,          
 
  '     ,      
 :
 (    )
 
 (   )
 (  )
  ,         -   ,   
,      ()       
󷖳󷖴󷖵󷖶󷖷  
      "    ,    
" (     ,     !)
      
  ,     
      
    - ,  -    
󼪀󼪃󼪄󼪁󼪅󼪆󼪂󼪇 :     
     ,         ,    
      -          
     -     ,      ,   
          
 
     
 -       ,   
  
󼨚󼨛󼨜󼨝󼨘󼨙() :    
󷘺󷘻󷘼  ?

(   )   -    ,   (
 )                 
       
  -  -     
  
2.
  ,              , 
          
󷖳󷖴󷖵󷖶󷖷  
   "     ..." (    
  ...)
          
       
       
 
          
  ,     ,       
󹵅󹵆󹵇󹵈  
        :
     
     
  (), -    
          ,    
        
     ,    
      
 
󷗛󷗜  :  




    
   ()

, , -
, , 


   

  ' , ,  
 

,  ,  

  ,   ,


, , 
, , 
             -    
󷉪󷉫󷉬󷉮󷉭󷉯󷉰󷉱󷉲󷉳   
2.
     
 -    ,    ,  

,        '   ,    
     -     
       :
     
         
      
             
     -            

󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹 
     -           - 
        , ,      
 ,       
,   
 
        , ,      
       ,   
  , "   
 
       "
-
5.           
:󷅰󷅱󷅵󷅲󷅳󷅴   :      
       -   ,  -   , 
              
      ,         , 
      
        ,         
       '       -    
      
     ,    ,    (  ) 
   
,       ,   
󷘗󷘘󷘙    -   
2.
         -       
          5  ()    , 
   -  (-:       )  

     :
 ( ):     
 ( ):     
 (   ):
 (    ):
:  -  (     5 )
  :  ( 6  -  9 )
:,  ,   
  ,         
  ,      
  
󷖤󷖢󷖣   ?
    ,        
             
    
  ,     (  ' ),    , ,
  -     
 , ,          
󼪺󼪻  (   )     
   --        (16 ) 
 :|     |     |     |     |
󷉥󷉦 (): “  
 (  -     ):
2.
  
  |  -  |  - |   |   |   | - - |
  
  |   |   |   | - - | - - |
 (  - ):
  
  | ' - ' |   |   |   |   | - - |
  
  |   |   |   | - - | - - |
󷓉󷓊󷓋󷓐󷓑󷓒󷓓󷓔󷓕󷓖󷓗󷓌󷓍󷓎󷓘󷓙󷓚󷓏 (   )
 
 -            '
   
 1 -    (  ):
     |  '    |      |  '    |  -
            
    
          (    
)    
 2 -  (-   ):
   |    |   ' |    |   -
    ,            
     
   -       
󼮖󼮗󼮘󼮙󼮚󼮛󼮜󼮝󼮞󼮟󼮠󼮑󼮒󼮓󼮔󼮕    -    
  
          ,    :
",          ,   
,   ?"
      :
2.
" ,    '           

 ,         -      '...    
 - , , ,     '         
  "
                
        -   
,  ,    

󼨐󼨑󼨒    
 
             :
󼳊󼳋󼳌󼳒󼳍󼳓󼳎󼳏󼳔󼳐󼳑--  :
1.      -    
2.   -       ,   
3.  ()     -        

4. -     -     :
o   
o   
o     '
5. -   
o     
o   (-)    
6.     -  ,        
 
󽄻󽄼󽄽
   5-            
        ,       

      "  "  
   :
o   ( )
2.
o   ( )
      
 -  ,     
  
󷑢󷑣󷑤󷑥 
     
      ,    
          
    

 ,     
     ,       
   -      
6.    -    
:󷘖     :  
 
       -    -      
               : ,
    
       ,   
    ,
"







-








,









"
󻎅󻎆󻎇󻎈󻎉󻎊󻎋  ?
    ,       
           ,    
  :
   16  ()
4  ()    ,   4  
, 
 13
 '  ()
 () 9
 '
 
   :
  .
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2
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5
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7
8
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11
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13

1
2
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4
2.


2
0
3
   ( ) :
    |     |     |    
,         
󷘺󷘻󷘼  ?
      ()   
     - 
     -          ,   
   
  ,  :
        
  
      '  
 
          
  '   :
1.   ( ) - 1    ( )
2.   ( ) - 2    ( )
3. (  , , ,    )
󼨐󼨑󼨒     
 16         (  = 1 ) 
 1   16    
  ,    1     ( )
  , 
   2    (
  )  
 
, 
     '    
  
        
󹻂
    ( )
     
     ()
2.
   :
    |     |     |    
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾,     '      -    
      '   
  :

  .
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6

















󹻁    ( )
,   
 
  ,   ()  2  () 
  16   , 
  16   32  
   
    ,      
   :
                     
        |       
  (2   )   :
  .
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...16   









...
  :
    
     
 
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂    
         
   , ",        ?"
2.
     :
" 
  |  
  |     |    "
    
 , "  
,  
    ?"
     , 
   '   ,  
  :
"       ..."
    ,      
 
  ,
"

,


.




,














"
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬     

 
 

 
  (2   )




  
     

  
,     


     
 
,     
-
7.               
:󷅶󷅱󷅺󷅷󷅸󷅹- -     
                 ,
       ,   -      ,  
   -        
,      ,  
,    
       
   
              
;     -
,     
2.
      
  
  -       
      
    ,       
               
   
        -   
 
,   () 
 () 
󷘖1.    -  
?
                
 
    ,             
             ,   
    (   )    
               

 ,   
 ,          
 
              
         
,      , 
       
󷘗󷘘󷘙 2.       
                 ,
          19 -   ,   
         
 :
        ,       
     ,      
  -   ,    
  
     -   ,    
           
󷘺󷘻󷘼3.  -   
               -  , 
 ,     ,          
 ,       (      ) 
 
    :
2.
󷆫󷆪    -     
 ,   ,           
                
   
          
   , 
    ,     ,    ()    :
"







..."
(






?







?)
              -, 
     ,             
   ,    ,    ,      
 -  
󷖤󷖢󷖣4.  
  
       ,        ,  
  '   ,            
  
 , " " -         ( ) 
       " "     -    
      
           ,     

           
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂5.    -   
      
       ,     
                  
     
 
               , 
     ,         
  
  ,            
󷘰󷘱󷘲󷘳󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘸󷘷󷘷󷘷󷘷󷘷󷘹6.    - ,   
            ,     
 -         ,  
,    -      

2.
     ,    
          
,      
      
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨 -    

           
 -      
            
  ,  
       
,    
 ,         ,      
               ,    
    
 ,  
        ,      -

     
,        
8.   '  :
() 
() 
:󷉥󷉦  ...
  ,     ,        
' -     
,          
   -             
;  

            
,   
      -  
 ,     ,     
,      
 -        
,       
       
    ,      
              
           
          :   ,  
      
()󷉪󷉫󷉬󷉮󷉭󷉯󷉰󷉱󷉲󷉳:   
󽄻󽄼󽄽  ?
2.
      
 ,         
       ( )      
   ,   
       
 - 
    ,       
,     
  
󷘗󷘘󷘙  -    
        ,         
              () 
,                  
 
 ,      
     () 
 ()    ,     '      
󽄻󽄼󽄽      :           
                
                
 ,    ,           
   
 
󹻓󹻔󹻕󹻖- 
          -    
   ,            
             
   ,
             ,    
              
󷘺󷘻󷘼 

     ,    -      
                
     ( )         
, 1947      ,      ,  
,   ,               
    
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹  
  :        
  :     
 :      
  :     -       
2.
()󷉸󷉹󷉺:  ,   
󺪿󺫀󺫁󺫂󺫃󺫄󺫅''    ?
           
,      
     ,      ,     

 , ,             
 
   , 
 " ", " ",      
     :
  () →    
  () →   
  () →   
  (4) →   
  (5)   
  (9) →    
               
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳  
?
   1430            

   ( )     ,     ,  
                  
  
   
"   "  ,         
             
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
 ,         ,     
  ""            
      :
           '  

      '  ,   -   
 '
2.
         ,     

 ,     
   ,    

 ,             
󷆊󷆋󷆌󷆍󷆎󷆏:      
   ,     ,  ,     
     -           
     
 
        
      
   
       -   
,     - ,     
"               

       ,         "